The sleeping car which carries power was used in part in every country in the world. It is famous for the Inter-urban Electric Multiple-Unit sleeping car in the United States in the early 20th century. Moreover, there were VT10.5 type of Diesel Multiple-Unit of the sleeping car in West Germany in the middle of the 1950s, etc. It was used for commercial service and in the daytime was used as a day coach. It stored the seats and was used at night a sleeping car. However, there was a problem. Silence was required for the sleeping car but the power for the sleeping car was noisy. Furthermore, there was no economical merit to drive a sleeping car in daytime and at night. Therefore, only a small number of them were produced, and they were only used for a short time.
However, JNR had a special reason for using the Electric Multiple-Unit for a sleeping car. The railroad of Japan had a complicated track with many slopes and curves. Japan is a small island but it is mountainous. There is only a short distance between one city and the next city. Therefore, the vehicles which were powered by Electric Multiple-Units or Diesel Multiple-Units were distributed from the start of the 1960s in Japan. That is because Electric Multiple-Units and Diesel Multiple-Units have excellent acceleration and slowdown performance, and also have good speed on an uphill slope. It is the same reason that the Shinkansen of Japan uses an Electric Multiple-Unit.
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